Lower Limb and Thorax Short Answer Key 2007

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Part I/II: True/False and Short Answer Guide Clarifications

• 4i. circled/uncircled - tendocalcaneus
• 7f. circled/uncircled - aortic artch

1. Bronchopulmonary Segment:
   • Structurally independent unit/Surgical importance
   • Tertiary bronchus
   • Pulmonary artery
   • Lung tissue
2. Chordae Tendinae:
   • Fibrous collagenous structures attached to ventricular of cusps of AV valves
   • Extend from papillary muscles
   • Chordae tendinae of each papillary muscle are attached to each cusp of AV valve
   • Resists pressure from ventricular contraction
3. Pericardiacophrenic Artery:
   • Branch of internal thoracic artery
   • Courses in endothoracic fascia/between pericardium and mediastinal parietal pleura
   • Supplies blood to pericardium
   • Supplies blood to diaphragm
   • Anterior to the hilum of the lung
4. Lesser Sciatic Foramen:
   • Formed by sciatic notch/sacrospinous ligament/sacrotuberous ligament
   • Contains Obturator internus tendon
   • Internal Pudendal Artery/Vein
   • Pudendal Nerve/Nerve to obturator internus
5. Retinaculum:
   • Deep fascia
   • Holds tendons in place across joints/prevents bowstringing
   • Associated with tendon sheaths
   • Tendons pass through synovial fluid

Original Guide

1. Bronchopulmonary Segment
   • Structurally independent functional unit
   • Surrounded by visceral pleura
   • Contains a tertiary bronchi, pulmonary artery, and lung tissue
   • Allows for surgical removal of segment without damage to surrounding lung tissue
   • Centrally placed lobular bronchi with lung tissue and artery
   • Pulmonary veins are located between segments
2. Chordae tendinae
   • fibrous collagenous structures that support the cusps of the AV valves
   • extend from papillary muscles to the cusps of the AV valves
   • prevent the AV valve cusps from being everted into the atrium by the
   • pressure developed in the contracting ventricle
   • arise from 3 sets of papillary muscles (anterior, posterior, septal)
   • attaches each papillary muscle to all cusps (inferior margin)
3. Pericardiacophrenic artery
   • branch of the internal thoracic artery
   • courses in endothoracic fascia (with phrenic nerve and pericardiacophrenic vein) between fibrous layers of pericardium and mediastinal parietal pleura
   • supplies blood to pericardium (serous and fibrous layers) as well as the diaphragm
   • pass anterior to hila of the lungs
4. Lesser sciatic foramen
   • formed by the lesser sciatic notch, sacrospinous ligament, and sacrotuberous ligament
   • structures coursing through: tendon of obturator internus muscle
   • pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery and vein
   • nerve to obturator internus
   • communication between ischiorectal fossa and gluteal region
5. Retinaculum
   • thickened deep fascia
   • holds tendons close to joints across which they pass preventing bowstringing of the tendons allowing for increased leverage
   • associated with tendon sheaths
   • Extensor retinaculum:
     • superior: attached laterally to anterior portion of lateral malleolus, medially to anterior portion of medial malleolus
     • inferior: Y shaped, attached to upper surface of calcaneus (sulcus calcaneai), distal band attaches to planter aponeurosis, proximal band attaches to medial malleolus
   • Flexor retinaculum:
     • medial malleolus to medial calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis
   • Peroneal retinaculum:
     • Superior: lateral malleolus to lateral calcaneus and deep transverse fascia of the lower leg
     • Inferior: continuous anteriorally with inferior extensor retinaculum; Posterior to lateral calcaneus; Some fibers fuse with peroneal trochlea of calcaneus forming a septum between the tendons of peroneus longus and brevis

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